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The regulatory framework for PV and storage, country by country.
A synthetic, non-exhaustive overview of the regulations applicable to solar energy sales and battery storage across our operating countries.
Regulatory framework
Electricity sales regulation, country by country.
An educational summary of the framework applicable to photovoltaics (PV) and battery storage (BESS) in our operating countries: France, Spain, Peru, Bolivia.
Photovoltaics (PV) · sales and self-consumption
| Country | Applicable framework | Sales mechanism | Key takeaway |
|---|---|---|---|
| France | Self-consumption with surplus sale (S21 purchase obligation, ≤ 100 kWp); CRE tenders above | Surplus sold to the obligated buyer (EDF OA) at the S21 tariff, set at 1.1 c€/kWh for requests from 5 June 2026, or on the market | Collective self-consumption recognized |
| Spain | Autoconsumo con excedentes (RD 244/2019) | Simplified surplus compensation (≤ 100 kW, art. 14) or sale of surplus on the market | Collective self-consumption recognized; RD 917/2025 amends the specific remuneration regime (RECORE) |
| Peru | Free users, RER auctions and draft distributed generation regulation (RM No. 439-2024-MINEM/DM) | Bilateral contracts possible with a free user (> 2,500 kW; option between 200 and 2,500 kW). Distributed generation: draft regulation, not approved at the verification date | Status of the regulation to be confirmed with MINEM before any decision |
| Bolivia | Ley No. 1604 (1994); distributed generation and self-production framed by decree (DS 4477, DS 5167, DS 5549) | No free market or bilateral PPA; industrial self-producers: surplus injected at the distributor, hourly-slot compensation, up to 6 MW | Bill delivered in May 2026, not adopted to date |
Battery storage (BESS) · regulatory status
| Country | Framework status | Sales mechanism | Key takeaway |
|---|---|---|---|
| France | Storage defined in the Energy Code (Ordinance No. 2021-237 of 3 March 2021) | Participation in the capacity mechanism through certification (RTE); TURPE 7 injection-withdrawal tariff option for standalone storage at HTA/HTB since 1 August 2026 | Network operators may not own or operate storage, except by CRE derogation (art. L. 352-2) |
| Spain | Established framework: storage defined by RDL 23/2020 | Storage installations able to inject are treated as generation for access and connection permits; the independent aggregator is recognized; access to REE balancing services | RD 917/2025 makes hybridization with storage easier for the specific regime (since 1 January 2026) |
| Peru | Under construction: draft ancillary services regulation (RM No. 171-2026-MINEM/DM, 19 April 2026) | BESS systems exist (e.g. ENGIE's Chilca BESS, 26.5 MW, at the Chilca Uno thermal plant, used for primary frequency regulation); no dedicated remuneration mechanism identified | No final version of the regulation found at the verification date |
| Bolivia | No specific rule identified | One example cited: isolated microgrid of Cerro San Simón (806.4 kWh), off the interconnected grid; no dedicated mechanism for grid-connected storage | The May 2026 bill would recognize storage at the legal level; not adopted |
Simplified, educational overview, non-exhaustive and not constituting legal advice. Framework verified on 14 November 2026 (see sources below). To be confirmed with our team before any investment decision. Values quoted are those of the sources at that date and may change.
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